Sample Essay An Introduction on Interpersonal Communication

An Introduction on Interpersonal Communication

            Interpersonal communication is defined by Brooks and Heath (1993) as “the process by which information, meanings and feelings are shared by persons through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages (as cited in Dickson and Hargie, 2003, p. 1).” This type of interaction may be classified into face-to-face communication, which is an interaction that is essentially non-mediated; dyadic or small group interactions; and public communication, which is communication performed within a large group of people (Dickson and Hargie, 2003, p. 13). In order to clearly show how interpersonal relationships could occur despite various differences in communication, this discourse would focus on two major aspects of interpersonal communication, namely nonverbal messages and cultural differences.

Nonverbal Messages

            First off, Hickson and Stacks (1985) define nonverbal messages or communication as “a process whereby people, through intentional or unintentional manipulation of normative actions and expectations express experiences, feelings, and attitudes in order to relate to and control themselves, others, and their environments (as cited in Harris, 1993, p. 124). To be more specific, nonverbal messages are typically conveyed through various forms such as eye contact, proxemics or space, and kinesics.

Facial Expression. Different forms of facial expressions could provide simultaneous interaction because it allows individuals to send and receive messages at the same time.  It also serves various purposes in interpersonal interaction; for instance, direct eye contact may be perceived as a sign of credibility and honesty, an indication of power and status, as well as a means of controlling interactions (Harris, 1993, p. 132). Generally, different facial expressions are powerful tools in forming relations and indicating an honest and open approach toward another person.

Proxemics or Space. Proxemics refer to the manner by which people relate to space. Awareness of It is specifically important in interpersonal relationships because when people converse and interact with other individuals, it is important to be always conscious of whether they are already doing something that violates another’s personal space or whether they are still respectful of other people.

Kinesics and Touch. Kinesics is the study of body language, which provides essential information with regard to behavior of individuals who participate in interpersonal communication and relationships. Furthermore, kinesics is the general term that refers to posture, bodily movements, and gestures. Evidently, these movements also convey powerful messages with regard to interpersonal communication and relationships.

Cultural Differences and Nonverbal Interpersonal Communication

            Schein (1985) defines culture as a "pattern of basic assumptions—invented, discovered, or developed, by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in response to those problems (as cited in Harris, 1993, p. 18)." From this definition, it could be construed that cultural differences inevitably exist because individuals from diverse nations and groups are honed differently, and therefore behave and perceive things and people differently. Such diversity in culture could likewise affect interpersonal relationships and communication, since it is quite possible that a person from one culture has different values, beliefs, and assumptions compared to another person from a different culture.

            More specifically, cultural differences could affect nonverbal messages and, consequently, interpersonal relations. For example, with regard to proxemics, studies show that Europeans tend to talk and sit more closely with each when conversing, and they are also used to smaller personal spaces. On the other hand, North Americans would rather like to have a large amount of space when they converse or interact with one another (LeBaron, 2003).

            As for facial expressions, in the United States (US), it is more acceptable for females to portray fear but not anger (LeBaron, 2003). On the other hand, males in the US are also expected to display anger but not fear. Alternatively, in countries such as Japan and China, an emotional expression that is normally interpreted as something that conveys happiness may actually mask loneliness or even express anger (LeBaron, 2003). These feelings are usually emotions that, for the mentioned nations, are unacceptable when portrayed blatantly in specific circumstances.

            Lastly, as for kinesics and touch, Westerners often use gestures with less control (Kikoski and Kikoski, 1999, p. 72). Furthermore, except in instances of immense sorrow or joy, Westerners usually do not raise their elbows above the level of the shoulder. Lastly, they typically make use of their hands and wrists when gesturing, and not their arms (Kikoski and Kikoski, 1999, p. 72). These manifestations of kinesics are quite different from Asian Americans, Easterners, or Hispanics. As for touch, Westerners normally touch very minimally, or do not touch at all. In fact, unwelcome touching between males and females in the West is perceived as harassment, while unreserved or overenthusiastic touching may be perceived as aggressive (Kikoski and Kikoski, 1999, p. 73). On the other hand, individuals from the East tend to view touching as something natural and innocent. When people from such nations touch, they usually do so to express friendship, affection, and inoffensive fondness.

Conclusion: Interpersonal Relationships amidst Cultural Differences

            Despite such differences in culture that affect nonverbal communication in interpersonal communication, interpersonal relationships could still exist among individuals from diverse cultures. For this to happen, people should first have substantial knowledge and awareness of these differences so as to employ the necessary adjustments to avoid misinterpretations and misunderstandings. For example, Westerners should be conscious that their perception of nonverbal actions is different from Easterners, and vice versa. From such awareness, appreciation of the diversity between cultures with regard to nonverbal messages would consequently occur. In connection to this, aside from being merely aware of various cultural differences, individuals should also be able to understand these dissimilarities, and allot the necessary room for change. Making adjustments due to diversity is never an easy task, which is why people with distinct cultures should empathize with each other and recognize and accept each other’s limitations. Lastly, there should always be mutual respect among people in interpersonal relationships, regardless of culture and nationality; from such regard, individuals would naturally show consideration for each other’s cultural differences, and as a result, interpersonal relationships could occur and be maintained, amidst differences in communication.